Hip geometry measures can predict femoral neck and intertrohanteric fractures . Controversies in literature

The most commonly used proximal femoral fracture measures for predicting femur neck and intratrochanteric fractures are femoral axis length (FAL), hip axis length (HAL) and the derived Q angle measure (neck-shaft angle). The listed measures only consider the relationship between the diaphysis and the femoral neck but not also between the femoral head and neck. These measures assume the femoral head as an ordinary extension of the neck with an irrelevant position of the head's centre in relation to the neck axis. Anatomical research has shown that the quotient of the superior and inferior offsets (SOS/IOS) in human anatomy is different than 1 and that the gamma and delta angles are not equal. These controversies, the mismatch of the definition for measures used in anticipating proximal femur fractures with anatomical reality, have not yet been listed in literature